What Is Phylogeny Definition and Examples

Phylogeny is the study of relationships among different groups of organisms and their evolutionary development. Phylogeny attempts to trace the evolutionary history of all life on the planet. It is based on the phylogenetic hypothesis that all living organisms share a common ancestry. The relationships among organisms are depicted in what is known as a phylogenetic tree. Relationships are determined by shared characteristics, as indicated through the comparison of genetic and anatomical similarities. In molecular phylogeny, analysis of DNA and protein structure is used to determine genetic relationships among different organisms. For example, the analysis of cytochrome C, a protein in cell mitochondria that functions in the electron transport system and energy production, is used to determine degrees of relationship among organisms based on similarities of amino acid sequences in cytochrome C. Similarities in characteristics of biochemical structures, such as DNA and proteins, are then used to develop a phylogenetic tree based on inherited shared traits. Key Takeaways: What Is Phylogeny? Phylogeny is the study of the evolutionary development of groups of organisms. The relationships are hypothesized based on the idea that all life is derived from a common ancestor.Relationships among organisms are determined by shared characteristics, as indicated through genetic and anatomical comparisons.A phylogeny is represented in a diagram known as a phylogenetic tree. The branches of the tree represent ancestral and/or descendant lineages.Relatedness among taxa in a phylogenic tree is determined by descent from a recent common ancestor.Phylogeny and taxonomy are two systems for classifying organisms in systematic biology. While the goal of phylogeny is to reconstruct the evolutionary tree of life, taxonomy uses a hierarchical format to classify, name, and identify organisms. Phylogenetic Tree A phylogenetic tree, or cladogram, is a schematic diagram used as a visual illustration of proposed evolutionary relationships among taxa. Phylogenetic trees are diagrammed based on assumptions of cladistics, or phylogenetic systematics. Cladistics is a classification system that categorizes organisms based on shared traits, or synapomorphies, as determined by genetic, anatomical, and molecular analysis. The main assumptions of cladistics are: All organisms descend from a common ancestor.New organisms develop when existing populations split into two groups.Over time, lineages experience changes in characteristics. This phylogenic tree show phylogeny based on differences in the protein sequence of cytochrome c in organisms ranging from Neurospora mold to humans. Encyclopaedia Britannica/UIG/Getty Image   Phylogenetic tree structure is determined by shared traits among different organisms. Its tree-like branching represents diverging taxa from a common ancestor. Terms that are important to understand when interpreting a phylogenetic tree diagram include: Nodes: These are points on a phylogenetic tree where branching occurs. A node represents the end of the ancestral taxon and the point where a new species splits from its predecessor.Branches: These are the lines on a phylogenetic tree that represent ancestral and/or descendant lineages. Branches arising from nodes represent descendant species that split from a common ancestor.Monophyletic Group (Clade): This group is a single branch on a phylogenetic tree that represents a group of organisms that are descended from a most recent common ancestor.Taxon (pl.Taxa): Taxa are specific groupings or categories of living organisms. The tips of branches in a phylogenetic tree end in a taxon. Taxa that share a more recent common ancestor are more closely related than taxa with a less recent common ancestor. For example, in the image above, horses are more closely related to donkeys than to pigs. This is because horses and donkeys share a more recent common ancestor. Additionally, it can be determined that horses and donkeys are more closely related because they belong to a monophyletic group that does not include pigs. Avoiding Misinterpretations of Taxa Relatedness This phylogenic tree show phylogeny based on differences in the protein sequence of cytochrome c in organisms.   Encyclopaedia Britannica/UIG/Getty Image Relatedness in a phylogenetic tree is determined by descent from a recent common ancestor. When interpreting a phylogenetic tree, there is a tendency to presume that distance between taxa can be used to determine relatedness. However, branch tip proximity is positioned arbitrarily and can not be used to determine relatedness. For example, in the above image, the branch tips including penguins and turtles are positioned closely together. This may be incorrectly interpreted as close relatedness between the two taxa. By looking at the most recent common ancestors, it can be correctly determined that the two taxa are distantly related. Another way that phylogenetic trees can be misinterpreted is by counting the number of nodes between taxa to determine relatedness. In the phylogenetic tree above, pigs and rabbits are separated by three nodes, while dogs and rabbits are separated by two nodes. It could be misinterpreted that dogs are more closely related to rabbits because the two taxa are separated by fewer nodes. Taking into consideration the most recent common ancestry, it can be correctly determined that dogs and pigs are equally related to rabbits. Phylogeny vs. Taxonomy This image shows the hierarchical taxonimic categorization of a dog. CNX OpenStax/Wikimedia Commons/CC BY 4.0   Phylogeny and taxonomy are two systems for classifying organisms. They represent the two main fields of systematic biology. Both of these systems rely on characteristics or traits for classifying organisms into different groups. In phylogenetics, the goal is to trace the evolutionary history of species by attempting to reconstruct the phylogeny of life or the evolutionary tree of life. Taxonomy is a hierarchical system for naming, classifying, and identifying organisms. Phylogenic characteristics are used to help establish taxanomic groupings. The taxonomic organization of life classifies organisms into three domains:   Archaea: This domain includes prokaryotic organisms (those that lack a nucleus) that differ from bacteria in membrane composition and RNA.Bacteria: This domain includes prokaryotic organisms with unique cell wall compositions and RNA types.Eukarya: This domain includes eukaryotes, or organisms with a true nucleus. Eukaryotic organisms include plants, animals, protists, and fungi. Organisms in the domain Eukarya are further categorized into smaller groupings: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species. These groupings are also divided into intermediate categories such as subphyla, suborders, superfamilies, and superclasses.   Taxonomy is not only useful for categorizing organisms but also establishes a specific naming system for organisms. Known as binomial nomenclature, this system provides a unique name for an organism consisting of a genus name and species name. This universal naming system is recognized worldwide and avoids confusion over the naming of organisms. Sources Dees, Jonathan et al. Student interpretations of phylogenetic trees in an introductory biology course CBE life sciences education vol. 13,4 (2014): 666-76.  Journey Into Phylogenetic Systematics. UCMP, www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/clad/clad4.html.

An Informative Essay on Gun Control - 1289 Words

Due date Informative Essay on Gun Control Introduction The right to possess guns is a fundamental element to American identity. The right to own and operate guns under certain circumstances is in fact guaranteed as part of the United States Constitution. Over the course of American history and particularly in the 21st century, there exists a great debate over the possession of guns of private citizens. Both sides of the debate argue with fervor. There are those that argue fervently for the right to possess arms; they argue for guns with regard to home protection, property protection, personal security, and that it is a fundamental right as a citizen. On the other side, there are those that reference the persistence of accidental injuries and fatalities that are gun related. People on this side of the debate argue for the banishment of guns, for stricter gun control laws, and for restrictions on certain kinds of high caliber guns and ammunition. They argue for the safety of the general population and for the lack of responsibility of those in possession of guns. They additionally reference the excessive amount of gun violence in media such as music, films, animation, and video games trying providing moderate to exceptional evidence that access to excessive violent imagery in conjunction with what they view as slack gun control policies is an equation for tragedies that society is unprepared to handle and should not have to. Each side of the gun control debate hasShow MoreRelatedGun Control Informative Essay1424 Words   |  6 PagesInformative essay The United States is in a controversy of whether or not the Second Amendment is protecting our country or killing it. The United States owns approximately 250 million guns, nearly one for each citizen, and grows about 7 million each year. 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Work-Life Flexibility Will Replace Work-Life Balance †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Work-Life Flexibility Will Replace Work-Life Balance. Answer: Introduction In the era of globalization, organizations are crossing domestic barriers and entering into the foreign market to expand their operations. With the growing base of organizations operations, the need for skilled and capable human resource keeps on increasing. The workload of individuals is increasing day by day due to the complex working and structure of organization. The present working environment is very competitive and involves a lot of work pressure on the employees. The future of workplace has to face a number of challenges and opportunities in terms of use of technology at workplace, employee engagement and commitment towards one employer as in the future workplace will consist of millennial who want to Hop around from one job to another to gain experience and side by side fulfill their passion and work life flexibility which will replace work life Balance (Bhattacharya, 2017). The report discusses about the implications of work life flexibility on the work place of the future. Many employees find it difficult to strike a balance between their personal and professional lives and as a result they end up compromising and choosing either work life or professional life. A flexible working arrangement is an effective solution for employees to manage both of them efficiently. The report will discuss about the implication of work life flexibility on employees, HRM and leaders. The report also discusses about the negative aspect of implementing a flexible working environment and whether it supports the goals and objectives of the organization or not. Need for work life balance In the fast paced corporate life and increase in the market competition employees are burdened with lots of workplace responsibilities. Employers are forcing their employees to be more productive and achieve greater results for their organization. To prove themselves in the organization and to achieve targets they forgot giving time to their personal lives. Employees in order to achieve the goals and objectives of the organization do overtime which have some serious implication on the health of employees. If employees is engaged in only their personal life and forget about their personal and social life they face issues such as stress and other diseases caused due to working for longer hours, high rate of absenteeism and low productivity (Collatz Gudat, 2011). Work life balance is very important concept which means finding and maintaining a balance between the professional and personal life in such a way that one gets the best of both the worlds. Work life balance is very important for the happiness and productivity of the workplace as happy employees are committed, dedicated and engaged in achieving the goals of the organization. The most suffered individual due to the work life balance issues is women who find it hard to fully commit to their professional lives while giving time to their family. Many of them have given their professional roles as the employer is not willing to consider her situation and even if the managers allow them to work for fewer hours so that they can give time to their families they receive a reduced pay. The factors influencing the work life balance in an organizations are number of women working, families run by single parent, individuals who are aged and planning to retire are some of the categories which requ ires a work life flexibility to create a work life balance due to various commitments and responsibilities (Smith Gardener, 2007). The absence of a work life balance has a negative impact on the performance of employees. It also affects their family life of the employees and end up creating a situation of conflict between the work and family. The psychological implication of inappropriate work life setting is depression and anxiety due to job stress (Muthu, Pangil Isa, 2015). An optimum balance between work and home will help the employees to stay focused and attentive at the workplace and in their personal lives. The priorities will be set and employees will be able to fulfill their responsibilities efficiently (Debnam, 2012). Some of the initiatives that can be taken by employers are: Gym facilities at workplace or giving gym membership discounts at local gyms, crche service or childcare services will help mothers or single parents to focus on their work without working about their children at home, regular outings and social gatherings will reduces work life stress. Allowing employees to work from home or work for restricted number of hours worked. The employer should focus on productivity rather than on number of working hours, giving maternity or paternity is also a great practice to make employees feel that the organization care for them and motivates them to be loyal and productive for their employers. An organization can provide assistance in the form of helping employees in reducing their home responsibilities burden with the help of concierge services (Miller, 2016). The employees should also stay committed towards organizational goals and be productive after they are being provided with the benefits from their employer to manage work life balance. Role of work life flexibility in work life balance The future workplace will be accountable for more innovative practices which will increase the productivity of the employees. Work life flexibility is not a new concept in todays world but they are not widely adopted by the organization. The future workplace will allow individual to ditch the conventional 9 to 5 job routine and adopt work hours that will be convenient for them. The basis of analyzing the individuals performance will not be the hours worked but hoe productive they are in those working hours. Work-life flexibility will allow individuals to complete their work without any time and location restrictions. The technological development is at its peak and in the coming years they will be more advanced and will support individuals to fulfill their personal and professional obligations without any issues (Pacock, Skinner, 2009). Work-Life flexibility is an alternative to the regular working hours routine. It not only gives freedom to fulfill their personal responsibilities of being a mother or a parent or a child in an effective manner while managing the corporate responsibilities. There is a positive impact of the work-life flexibility on the work-life balance. In the coming years employees will not have to worry about juggling between their personal and professional lives because the work-life flexibility will give them freedom to choose what is important at that point of time. Work-life flexibility will create loyal workers and help the organization to retain talent in the competitive working environment (Shagvaliyeva Yazadanifard, 2014). Creating a work life balance is a responsibility of both the employer and employees. In organization there are work life balance policies which are biased towards permanent employees and individual who choose flexible working hours. Employees who choose to work for a limited number of hours are deprived from performance appraisal activities such as promotion and reward and incentives scheme as compared to individual who may not be more productive but still they are being preferred when it comes to promotion. Unequal pay is another important concern as individuals who work for less hours but produce the same output as the regular shift hour individual is producing are being paid differently rather they are paid on the basis of hours spend and not on the basis of efficiency in the output (Dhas Karthikeyan, 2015). Implications of work-life flexibility on the employees There are different types of flexible working setting available to the employees: Flexitime: It involves giving employees freedom to choose their working hours and come early or late with the permission of the management. Part-time work: It is the most common type of work arrangements which involves working for less number of hours unlike the individual who are working for full time. Overtime: Overtime allow individuals to work extra for making additional salary to meet their personal obligations. Job sharing: Job sharing involves two people who have same set of skills and qualification to share their job work in alternate shifts or days. Work from home: Work from home gives the freedom to individual to fulfill their workplace responsibilities from home and not from the employers premises (Acas, 2015). The work life flexibility will help the employees to be more productive as they have the control in how to manage their time effectively and focus on what is important. Employees can be stress free at the workplace as they are not compromising with their social and personal lives due to their hectic work culture. Employees will be happier and motivated as employees will get more sleep and they can take care of their health resulting into less work life conflict and emotional exhaustion (Wilson, 2016). For some individuals work-life flexibility can prove to be advantageous and but at time there are various insecurities attached with the work life flexibility. For women who have just entered their mother hood or those who have family obligation, flexibility in work life can help them to pursue their professional career without sacrificing their professional lives. Women are more open to such work life flexibility than men because they feel such working arrangement is associated will low salary package and job security is a major concern because it is often perceived that employees who complete their regular shift are preferred more (Bhate, 2013). But slowly they are being adopted by men also due to the single parent responsibilities or other commitments (Wei, Yili Tian, 2013). Although the work-life flexibility has certain drawbacks but they have proven to be very effective in retaining skilled employees in the organization because they have the freedom to work on their own terms. It also has a positive impact on the employees engagement and motivation towards the goals and objectives of the organization. Implications for HRM The work-life flexibility strategy can only prove to be effective; HR of an organization plays a key role. The HR has to consult the top level management and convince them that the flexible arrangement is important for the productivity of employees. Once the approval of the top level management is done the HR should design policies that take in to consideration the interest of both the organization and employees. A work-life flexibility program can hinder the growth of the organization if not implemented successfully (SHRM, 2016). They also have to deal with resistance on the part of employees and keeping in mind the other operational issues that may arise due to such arrangements. HR is also responsible in monitoring the efficiency of employees who are working from home or working for less number of hours. They have to ensure that the productivity of employees is not being affected as they are the ones who are answerable to the top level management for their decisions. They also have a responsibility of designing a performance appraisal scheme which should not affect the employees who are coming and working regularly in the office. They should design schedule of work and keep a check whether the employees are following it or not. There are many legal issue too associated with the work life flexibility policies such as whether the workers compensations should be given when employees faces any health issues while working at home. HR has to also ensure that the confidentiality of the sensitive information of the organization should be maintained. The responsibility of HR in designing work-life flexibility policies has been crucial as they are accountable for any issues arising from such arrangements. They should make sure that the policies implemented does not affect the organizational growth and support the organization to be sustainable in the market. Implications for leaders and Managers Managers and leaders have a collective responsibility of guiding the efforts of individual into the direction of management goals. Managers and leaders with the flexible working hours approach can attract talented employees who may not be able to work due to some personal reasons and it also helps to retain the competent employees as they feel they are valued because organization takes their interest into consideration. Managers are able to engage employees and they are being more focused toward the goals of the organization (Hays, 2016). The employees who are allowed to work according to their own term reduce the cost of hiring the new employee as the turnover rate will be low (Fell, 2013). There certain issues which are being faced by the managers and leaders are violation of the policies by the employees. The employees may take the undue advantage of the policy and may not provide output as expected from them. If they are working from home, managers have a restriction on supervising whether the employees are actually performing their roles and responsibilities or not (Tovey, 2014). The leaders may find it difficult to convince the employees who resent about the decisions of flexible working hours. The training cost involved in educating employees about the new process and communicating them about what behavior is expected from them when they will work for less number of hours or will be away from the office premises (Dishman, 2015). The managers also have the duty to ensure fairness among all the workers whether flexible or regular. Managers should set clear policies on work hours. A record should be kept about the number of hours worked. Leaders should address the is sues of employees who are not sure about the new working arrangements and clear all their doubts. Manager should continuously monitor the work progress of individuals and check whether their performance meet with their standards of the organization or not. The implementation of flexible working arrangements is a difficult task but it can be proved to effective with the support of leaders and mangers of then future workplace. Conclusion The future workplace will be competitive and employees will have to deal with work load and responsibilities. This may affect their efficiency and productivity. Employers in order to boost the morale of the employees have to shift to work place setting that will enable the employees to fulfil their workplace responsibilities stress free. Work-life flexibility is the solution to this problem. It allows individual to work as per their convenience. Work life balance is the most challenging concept in the lives of professionals as among the fast paced corporate life they find it difficult to maintain a right balance between their personal and professional life. As a result they end up sacrificing their personal or professional lives. Work life flexibility provides an effective solution to the problem work-life balance. It helps the individual to not maintain a balance between both the lives but to choose what is important at that point of time. There are various options available to employees such as work from home, part time or flexible working hours. It helps to reduce employee turnover rate as many individuals like women find rigid working hours a hindrance in managing their personal lives, though it has many advantages for employer and employee but create some issues for HR and mangers and leaders who handle the designing and implementation part. HR, Managers and leaders should focus on designing such work flexibility strategies that compliments the gaols of the organization. References ACAS, 2015, Flexible working and work-life balance, Accessed from https://www.acas.org.uk/media/pdf/j/m/Flexible-working-and-work-life-balance.pdf 29 May 2017. Bhate, R, 2013, flexibility at work: Employee Perceptions, Accessed from https://www.bc.edu/content/dam/files/research_sites/agingandwork/pdf/publications/QI2_flexibilityAtWork_Employee.pdf on 29 May 2017. Bhattacharya, G, 2017, Why Millennials Keep Ditching Your Company, Accessed from https://fortune.com/2017/01/25/millennials-talent-retention-leadership-career-advice-job-hopping/ on 28 May 2017. Collatz, A. Gudat, K., 2011.Work-life-balance. Hogrefe Verlag. Debnam, D., 2012, Workplace Flexibility and Work-Life Balance: Its a Benefit, Not a Burden, Accessed from https://www.eremedia.com/tlnt/workplace-flexibility-and-work-life-balance-its-a-benefit-not-a-burden/ on 29 May 2017. Dhas, D.B. Karthikeyan, P, 2015, Work-Life Balance Challenges and Solutions: Overview, International Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Studies Volume 2, Issue 12. Dishman, L., 2015, Why Managers And Employees Have Wildly Different Ideas About Work-Life Balance, Accessed from https://www.fastcompany.com/3041908/the-surprising-gap-between-work-life-balance-beliefs-and-reality on 29 May 2017. Fell, S.S, 2013, Top 10 Benefits of Flexible Work Policies for Companies, Accessed from https://www.huffingtonpost.com/sara-sutton-fell/top-10-benefits-of-flexib_b_4158603.html on 29 May 2017. Hays, 2017, The pros and cons of flexible working, Accessed from https://www.hays.com.au/employer-services/management-issues/HAYS_257685 on 29 May 2017. Miller, B., 2016, How to Improve Work/Life Balance for Employees, Accessed from https://hrdailyadvisor.blr.com/2016/02/10/how-to-improve-worklife-balance-for-employees/ 29 May 2017. Muthu, M., Pangil, F. Isa, M.F., 2015, Individual, Organizational and Environmental Factors Affecting Work-Life Balance, Accessed from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283567135_Individual_Organizational_and_Environmental_Factors_Affecting_Work-Life_Balance on 29 May 2017. Pacock, B., Skinner, N, 2009, Work, Life Workplace Flexibility, Accessed from https://w3.unisa.edu.au/hawkeinstitute/cwl/documents/AWALI-09-full.pdf on 29 May 2017. Shagvaliyeva, S. Yazdanifard, R., 2014, Impact of Flexible Working Hours on Work-Life Balance, American Journal of Industrial and Business Management, Accessed from https://file.scirp.org/pdf/AJIBM_2014012310201577.pdf on 29 May 2017. Smith, J. Gardner, D., 2007, Factors Affecting Employee Use of Work-Life Balance Initiatives, Accessed from https://www.psychology.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/36-1_Smith-Gardner_pg3.pdf on 29 May 2017 Tovey, A, 2014, The trouble with flexible working, Accessed from https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/jobs/10932152/The-trouble-with-flexible-working.html on 29 May 2017. Wei, C., Yili, L. Tian, Y, 2013, How Can HRM Help Organizations Build the Supportive Work-Life/family Balance Culture? Accessed from https://ijbssnet.com/journals/Vol_4_No_9_August_2013/9.pdf on 29 May 2017 Wilson, P., 2016, Workplace flexibility: What you need to know, Accessed from https://www.hrmonline.com.au/productivity/workplace-flexibility-need-know/ on 29 May 2017

Pob Sba Essay Example

Pob Sba Essay Principles of business s. b. a. Marketing Francis’ Breakfast and Lounge Name- School: School Code: Candidate # Subject: P. O. B Objectives We strive to survive the challenges of opening a new restaurant for the first year and a half especially in the tough economic times. We aim to become the leading restaurant in the local market after first 5 years of operations. Keeping food cost under 35% revenue. Keeping employee labor cost between  24-29% of revenue. Averaging sales between $325,000-375,000 per year. Achieve 12% 15% return on investment for the first two years and 15% 20% for the next three years. We also intend to curve the disturbing obesity and diabetes rate in St. Lucia especially in the capital. Mission Statement We are a great place to come enjoy a meal   combining an intriguing atmosphere with excellent,   our aim is not only to serve great tasting food but to ensure each of our valued customers receives prompt, professional and courteous service because customer satisfaction is paramount. We want to be the restaurant choice for all families and singles, young and old, male or female. Maintain a clean, comfortable and top of the line premises for our customers and staff alike. Delivering excellent treatment to our customers and staff, providing them with the respect and dignity the surely deserve, as Employee welfare will be equally important to our success. We will combine menu variety, atmosphere, ambiance and a friendly staff to create a relaxing atmosphere in order to reach our goal of over all value in the dining entertainment experience. We will write a custom essay sample on Pob Sba specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Pob Sba specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Pob Sba specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We want to achieve fair profits, and a rewarding place to work for the employees. ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE Roles of Personnel General Manager- The General Manager is responsible for the success of a business and keep their restaurants operating at a profit. The general manager is also responsible for planning the business objectives, organizing therefore ensuring every that the business needs are available. Front manager-The front is responsible for advertising, staff and ordering of service. Maintains accurate records of the business ’ accounts. Monitors expenditures, and prepares monthly financial statements and administrative reports. They will be responsible for waiting tables, bartenders, waitresses and dishwashers, she will also oversee the overall upkeep of the restaurant. This person also handles one of our most essential roles of the business which is consumer complaints, responsible for receiving and handling every complaint which comes in and professionally Head Chef- The Head Chef is responsible for the operations of the kitchen. He or she decides what equipment and ingredients are needed. The Head Chef is also responsible for the menu. In addition, he or she is responsible for keeping the cost of the kitchen within a set budget, managing kitchen employees, forecasting trends in the restaurant, and maintaining the kitchen according to health codes of the area. Sous Chef- They are responsible for ensuring that everything runs smoothly whether or not the  head chef  is present. He or she takes over the operation of the kitchen in the absence of the head chef. Captain – The captain is a specially appointed member of staff with some experience in managing responsible for waiting tables and bartending and ake care of service and make sure the restaurant is in excellent shape. TARGET POPULATION Fregis’ Breakfast Lunch will focus on attracting a wide and diverse clientele ages 21-75 with an annual income of at least $25,000. We want the customers of an affluent nature high wage workers, couples, families and tourists, wealthy image seekers and compulsive spenders, people who think highly of themselves an d only want the best. We focus on these specific groups because these are the types of people who frequent other restaurants and bars in the area with a wealthy status. They are the ones that are willing to spend their money on good dining and service at a  great price. Pricing Strategy Our prices are arranged higher than most ordinary restaurants but below that of upper class restaurants to attract the customers of those restaurant. This strategy in use is the market oriented stragegy and have found out our target market seeks to pay more for their meals, therefore we are more likely to attract new customers as our prices are near the top of the price range but competitive with other restaurants in our class. Pricing We anticipate our total sales allocation  to be 80% restaurant sales and 20% catering sales. The combined cost of sales will be 40% producing a gross profit of 60% on total sales. Prices will be competitive with other upscale restaurants in the area. However, it is the strategy of Fregis’ Breakfast Lunch to give a perception of higher value than its competitors, through its food, service and entertainment. Competitors Ours main competitors are located right in the Rodney bay area only a few yards from our establishment, but with Fregis’ Breakfast Lunch being a new face in the market, we hope to appeal to customers to try out the restaurant hence trying to keep them after they have tried our product. There are two restaurants in the Rodney Bay area which are potential competitors they are: 1st a small restaurant opening from Sunday to Monday which serves lunches and dinners often filled with customers. The price ranges from $10-$20 for lunch and $10-40 for dinner 2nd an Italian restaurant serving food buffet style open on week days. Price are $75 per person Sale Forecast Monthly restaurant gross sales are to average $51,000 That is  36 people for lunch spending approximately $20 per person, and  for dinner approximately 29 people spending an average $25 per person. Catering will  average $7500 a month that is 3 contracted catering services. So we expect to average more than $600,000 yearly. Branding Lunch Linguine with Smoked Salmon Mangu Shrimp Scampi Shrimp and Green Bean Salad Crispy Seafood Salad with Citrus Vinaigrette Vegetable burger Mixed vegetable souffle Bar B Que ribs and green fig salad Soup Avocado Soup Tomato soup Ajiaco Appetizer Baked Ham Cheese  Quesadilla Cheese and Chutney Stuffed  Celery Broiled Barbecued Chicken  Wings consumer complaints In the case of a calm/neutral customer we tend to let the chef or captain handles these without the intervention of the front manager. Who tries to settle the issue to the best of their ability Though all complaints are recorded. In the case of a angry customer it is immediately transferred to the front manager who always make the customer feels that he/she is there to help them. The front manager always acts as prompt as possible, making the most reasonable decisions so that the customer feels satisfied.

C for Beginners - Learn About C

C for Beginners - Learn About C C is a general purpose programming language invented in the early 1980s by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs. It is similar to C, invented in the early 1970s by Dennis Ritchie, but is a safer language than C and includes modern programming techniques such as object-oriented programming. You can read more about object-oriented programming. C was originally called C with Classes and is so compatible with C that it will probably compile more than 99% of C programs without changing a line of source code. This was a deliberate design feature by the designer. Here are a short overview and history of C. The purpose of C is to precisely define a series of operations that a computer can perform to accomplish a task. Most of these operations involve manipulating numbers and text, but anything that the computer can physically do can be programmed in C. Computers have no intelligence- they have to be told exactly what to do and this is defined by the programming language you use. Once programmed they can repeat the steps as many times as you wish at very high speed. Modern PCs are so fast they can count to a billion in a second or two. What Can a C Program Do? Typical programming tasks include  putting data into a database or pulling it out, displaying high-speed graphics in a game or video, controlling electronic devices attached to the PC or even playing music and/or sound effects. You can even write software to generate music or help you compose. Is C the Best Programming Language? Some computer languages were written for a specific purpose. Java was originally devised to control toasters, C for programming Operating Systems, Pascal to teach good programming techniques but C is a general purpose language and well deserves the Swiss Pocket Knife of Languages nickname. Some tasks can be done in C but not very easily, for example designing GUI screens for applications. Other languages like Visual Basic, Delphi and more recently C# have GUI design elements built into them and so are better suited for this type of task. Also, some scripting languages that provide extra programmability to applications like MS Word and even Photoshop tend to be done in variants of Basic, not C. You can find out more about the other computer languages and how they stack up against C. Which Computers Have C? This is better stated as which computers dont have C! The answer- almost none, it is so widespread. It is a nearly universal programming language and can be found on most microcomputers all the way up to big computers costing millions of dollars. There are C compilers for just about every type of operating system.   How Do I Get Started With C? First, you need a C compiler. There are many commercial and free ones available. The list below has instructions for downloading and installing each of the compilers. All three are completely free and include an IDE to make life easier for you to edit, compile and debug your applications. Download and Install Borlands Turbo C ExplorerDownload and Install Microsofts Visual C 2005 Express EditionDownload and Install Open Watcom C/C Compiler The instructions also show you how to enter and compile your first C application. How Do I Begin Writing C Applications? C is written using a text editor. This can be notepad or an IDE like those supplied with the three compilers listed above. You write a computer program as a series of instructions (called statements) in a notation that looks a little like mathematical formulas. This is saved out in a text file and then compiled and linked to generate machine code which you then can run. Every application you use on a computer will have been written and compiled like this, and many of them will be written in C. Read more about compilers and how they work. You cant usually get hold of the original source code unless it was open source. Is There Plenty of C Open Source? Because it is so widespread, much open source software has been written in C. Unlike commercial applications, where the source code is owned by a business and never made available, open-source code can be viewed and used by anyone. Its an excellent way to learn coding techniques.   Could I Get a Programming Job? Certainly. There are many C jobs out there and an immense body of code exists that will need updating, maintaining and occasionally rewriting. The top three most popular programming languages according to the quarterly Tiobe.com survey, are Java, C, and C. You could write your own games but youll need to be artistic or have an artist friend. Youll also need music and sound effects. Find out more about game development. Perhaps a professional 9-5 career would suit you better- read about a professional career or perhaps consider entering the world of software engineering writing software to control nuclear reactors, aircraft, space rockets or for other safety-critical areas. What Tools and Utilities Are There? Well if you cant find what you want, you could always write it. That is how most of the tools around came into existence.

Human Excellence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Human Excellence - Essay Example Introduction In this paper, I will argue for a model of human excellence according to Aristotle but all the while making comparisons with other philosophers. These theories work to specify the character virtues or traits which lead to human flourishing (Karl, 1996). Such virtues include compassion, justice, courage, tolerance, intelligence, patience, imagination, persistence and creativity. Virtue in the regard is synonymous with goodness and human excellence. Human excellence materializes in our modern-day society in many kinds of forms and studies have revealed that the most significant way to realize excellent performance in fields such as music, sport, scholarship and professions is to practice. The attainment of excellence in such fields generally needs more or less 10 years of loyalty, embracing about 10,000 hours of effort (Karl, 1996). The Ancient Greeks had a perception of arete which meant an exceptional fitness for intention. This takes place in the works of Aristotle and Homer. An additional related notion was eudaimonia which was the happiness which resulted from a life fulfilled and well-lived, and being prosperous (David, 2006). The comparable theory in Muslim philosophy is called ihsan. According to Aristotle, the best good or "the god" is that which is desired for its own sake and for the sake which we wish for all other goods or ends. For the human beings, happiness or eudaimonia is the motion of the soul in harmony with arete which in Greek means excellence, what something is good for or virtue (Rosalind,1999). Eudaemonia is characterized by living well and doing well in the affairs of the world. Moral virtue is not the end of life since it can go with misery, inactivity, and unhappiness (Kelvin, 2007). But happiness, and the end of life, to which all things aim, is activity in accord with reason of the arete or peculiar excellence of any person. At the same time, happiness is an activity that involves both the moral and the intellectual aret e but some external goods are essential to exercise that activity. However, happiness can never be identified with wealth, pleasure, or honor even though nearly everyone tends to think so. On the other hand, excellence is the quality of being excellent or the circumstances of having good qualities in an prominent degree; illustrious merit; supremacy in virtue but a title of honor or respect is termed as his or her Excellency (Rosalind, 1999). Important questions How do we know what human excellence is? How does the definition compare among other moral theories? Can there be more a number of definitions? What does it feel to fulfill our human beings and how does this compare to virtuousness? How should we live our lives? What does the human excellence imply about the purpose of our existence? Views proposed Aristotle argued that every human being has a function or goal in life and that the goal of human existence is to do the things that are distinctly human and that they must do it well so as to be a good human being. Ethics as a subject begins with the works of Aristotle. In its original form, this subject is concerned with the question of virtue (Greek arete) of character (ethos), or having excellent and well-chosen habits (Aristotle, 1999). The attainment of an excellent character is in turn meant to be the highest goal of living well in eudaimonia, a Greek word regularly translated as well-being or

Pixar Animation Studios Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Pixar Animation Studios - Research Paper Example Pixar Studio’s goal is to merge trademark technology with the most original artistic skills to create computer-animated films that cast unforgettable characters and heartening tales that can be embraced by all ages across the world. To meet this objective, the company has established a unique working culture that has contributed to much of their success. Growing to about 730 employees in the present, the company maintains its closeness as most have been working together since 1970, continuously expanding to accept new creative geniuses. The work environment is described to be laid-back and ‘anti-corporate’, resulting in increased productivity and great fun for all their employees (Icmrindia.org 2006). The organizational culture at Pixar Animation Studios is a unique tool that has attributed greatly to their unparalleled works. Employees are known for their informal and eccentric work style, coming in anytime and working into the night, walking around barefoot, and even taking their pets along to work. Most did not expect to earn much from the job but remained in it for the unconventional environment and the possibility of creating something never done before. Offices are distinctively designed to excite positive creative energy for its entire staff. Its California-based offices are known for its relaxed conditions, which give way to an open stream of thoughts and dialogue. The ‘habitat’ as the studio is called, is a wide space full of toys and life-size Pixar characters.